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==Events== * 475 – Romulus Augustulus is proclaimed Western Roman Emperor. * 683 – During the Siege of Mecca, the Kaaba catches fire and is burned down. * 802 – Empress Irene is deposed and banished to Lesbos. Conspirators place Nikephoros, the minister of finance, on the Byzantine throne. *1517 – Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. *1587 – Leiden University Library opens its doors after its founding in 1575. *1822 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide attempts to dissolve the Congress of the Mexican Empire. *1861 – American Civil War: Citing failing health, Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army. *1863 – The Maori Wars resume as British forces in New Zealand led by General Duncan Cameron begin their Invasion of the Waikato. *1864 – Nevada is admitted as the 36th U.S. state. *1876 – A monster cyclone ravages India, resulting in over 200,000 deaths. *1903 – Purdue Wreck, a railroad train collision in Indianapolis, killed 17 people, including 14 players of the Purdue University football team. *1913 – Dedication of the Lincoln Highway, the first automobile highway across United States. * 1913 – The Indianapolis Streetcar Strike and subsequent riot begins. *1917 – World War I: Battle of Beersheba: The "last successful cavalry charge in history". *1918 – World War I: Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. *1922 – Benito Mussolini is made Prime Minister of Italy *1923 – The first of 160 consecutive days of 100° Fahrenheit at Marble Bar, Western Australia. *1924 – World Savings Day is announced in Milan, Italy by the Members of the Association at the 1st International Savings Bank Congress (World Society of Savings Banks). *1926 – Magician Harry Houdini dies of gangrene and peritonitis that develops after his appendix ruptures. *1938 – Great Depression: In an effort to restore investor confidence, the New York Stock Exchange unveils a fifteen-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public. *1940 – World War II: The Battle of Britain ends: The United Kingdom prevents a possible German invasion. *1941 – After 14 years of work, Mount Rushmore is completed. * 1941 – World War II: The destroyer is torpedoed by a German U-boat near Iceland, killing more than 100 U.S. Navy sailors. It is the first U.S. Navy vessel sunk by enemy action in WWII. *1943 – World War II: An F4U Corsair accomplishes the first successful radar-guided interception by a United States Navy or Marine Corps aircraft. *1944 – Erich Göstl, a member of the Waffen-SS, is awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, to recognise extreme battlefield bravery, after losing his face and eyes during the Battle of Normandy. *1956 – Suez Crisis: The United Kingdom and France begin bombing Egypt to force the reopening of the Suez Canal. *1961 – In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin's body is removed from Vladimir Lenin's Tomb. *1963 – An explosion at the Indiana State Fair Coliseum (now Pepsi Coliseum) in Indianapolis kills 74 people and injures another 400 during an ice skating show. A faulty propane tank connection in a concession stand is blamed. *1968 – Vietnam War October surprise: Citing progress with the Paris peace talks, US President Lyndon B. Johnson announces to the nation that he has ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam" effective November 1. *1969 – the Disappearance of Patricia Spencer and Pamela Hobley occurs. *1973 – Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape. Three Provisional Irish Republican Army members escape from Mountjoy Prison, Dublin, Republic of Ireland aboard a hijacked helicopter that lands in the exercise yard. *1984 – Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by two Sikh security guards. Riots break out in New Delhi and other cities and nearly 10,000 Sikhs are killed. *1994 – American Eagle Flight 4184 crashes near Roselawn, Indiana, killing 68. *1998 – Iraq disarmament crisis begins: Iraq announces it would no longer cooperate with United Nations weapons inspectors. *1999 – Yachtsman Jesse Martin returns to Melbourne after 11 months of circumnavigating the world, solo, non-stop and unassisted. * 1999 – EgyptAir Flight 990 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean near Nantucket, killing all 217 people on board. *2000 – Soyuz TM-31 launches, carrying the first resident crew to the International Space Station. The ISS has been crewed continuously since then. * 2000 – Singapore Airlines Flight 006 crashes on takeoff from Taipei, killing 83. * 2000 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 is adopted. *2002 – A federal grand jury in Houston, Texas indicts former Enron chief financial officer Andrew Fastow on 78 counts of wire fraud, money laundering, conspiracy and obstruction of justice related to the collapse of his ex-employer. *2003 – Mahathir bin Mohamad resigns as Prime Minister of Malaysia and is replaced by Deputy Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, marking an end to Mahathir's 22 years in power. * 2003 – United Nations Convention against Corruption is adopted. *2011 – The global population of humans reaches seven billion. This day is now recognized by the United Nations as Seven Billion Day. *2014 – Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo crashes in the Mojave Desert during a test flight. *2015 – Metrojet Flight 9268 is bombed over the northern Sinai Peninsula, killing all 224 people on board. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「October 31」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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